You passed this Milestone 15 questions were answered correctly. 1 Which of the following is a benefit of philosophy? • Philosophy is useful as a tool to justify personal opinions. • Philosophy defends what is traditional in society. • Philosophy improves understanding of argumentation. • Philosophy maintains society's collective memory. CONCEPT Benefits of Philosophy and Ethics 2 Many people confuse topics of religion, social etiquette, and law with ethical topics. Select the example related to law. • Beth approves of same-sex marriage, but her mother says it is a sin. • Don masks his income to avoid paying income taxes for twenty years. • Kendra neglects to RSVP to an invitation to a close friend’s small wedding. • Grandpa always chews with his mouth open at family gatherings. CONCEPT Ethical and Non-Ethical Topics 3 Which of the following actions represents the step, "Identify positions on the question"? • A law student weighs arguments on the interpretation of a particular law against decisions from the Supreme Court. • A graduate student spends several hours in the library reading books on a particular ethical issue. • A medical student asks a professor whether a certain drug is effective against the flu. • An undergraduate argues that funding for school-sponsored clubs should be based on the number of active members. CONCEPT The Philosophical Approach to Inquiry 4 Which of the following statements reflects subjectivism? • Dennis says that morality depends on the situation. • Dennis says that morality is a personal choice. • Dennis says that morality is universal. • Dennis says that morality is dictated by a person's culture. CONCEPT Categorizing Ethical Theories 5 Which of the following is a philosophical question? • On average, how many babies are born a day? • What is the average top speed of a cheetah? • How do we define what counts as art? • Would you rather see a movie or a play? CONCEPT Philosophical and Non-Philosophical Inquiry 6 Because she is a teacher who works with children, Yuki is required by law to report suspected abuse. One day a student says that his dad frequently hits him after having a drink. Despite the boy's insistence that it's a secret, Yuki informs the school office, which calls the authorities. Yuki's decision constitutes a(n) __________ action. • supererogatory • impermissible • obligatory • neutral CONCEPT The Evaluation of Actions 7 Which of the following statements is an example of metaethics? • Boy Scouts have a moral obligation to help the elderly cross the street. • Kantian deontology is the correct ethical theory. • Most people believe in some form of utilitarianism. • Killing whales is always wrong, no matter the reasoning. CONCEPT Branches of Ethics 8 Which of the following is a deductive argument? • It has snowed on my birthday every year since I was born. Therefore, it will snow on my birthday this year. • Helen was seen exiting the alley after a robbery had taken place. It follows that Helen committed the robbery. • Every time I’ve visited the farmer’s market, I’ve found heirloom tomatoes. So, this week when I go to the farmer’s market, I will find heirloom tomatoes. • Traffic is very heavy today. When traffic is heavy, I take the bus to work. I will take the bus to work today. CONCEPT Deductive and Inductive Inference 9 Which of the following is an argument? • Not getting enough sleep on a regular basis is a problem for many adults. • I begin my day with a one-mile run, a shower, and a healthy breakfast. • Janet studies every day and takes notes in class. She will probably do well in the class for that reason. • If I go to Washington D.C. next weekend, then I'll get you a souvenir. CONCEPT Introduction to Arguments 10 Which of the following is a weak inductive argument? • Most nurses are good people. Andrew is a nurse. Andrew is probably a good person. • Things that are blue are sad. The sky is blue, so it must be sad. • Krista's favorite composer is Tchaikovsky. Jason also likes Tchaikovsky. Jason and Krista probably have a lot in common. • People who like wine think they're a big deal. Aaron thinks he's a big deal, so he must like wine. CONCEPT Evaluating the Structure of an Argument 11 Which of the following statements about philosophy is true? • Philosophy is a way to answer questions about the physical universe without observation. • Philosophy is quite interesting, despite having little or no application in other fields. • Philosophy is obsolete due to advances in scientific inquiry. • Philosophy is concerned with seeking and recognizing knowledge. CONCEPT Introduction to Philosophy 12 Which of the following considerations is relevant to a person whose elderly parents are sick but refuse to make an appointment at the doctor? • Is it her place to make decisions for her parents? • Does she have medical expertise? • Who has treated their illnesses in the past? • Which days of the week are appointments available? CONCEPT Actions and Events 13 Consider the following argument: (1) I should get a raise (2) because I complete all my projects prior to the deadline, (3) I arrive at work early and stay late, (4) and I always receive positive comments on my work. Which of the four numbered statements is the conclusion? • 4 • 3 • 2 • 1 CONCEPT Premises and Conclusions 14 Which of the following statements is true of ethics? • Ethics is about doing whatever it takes to get ahead. • The goal of ethics is to search for truths in order to be a better person. • Ethics is only important in the workplace. • Right and wrong are purely subjective. CONCEPT Introduction to Philosophical Ethics 15 An argument is valid, and its premises are true. Which of the following terms best describes the argument? • Sound • Cogent • Unsound • Uncogent 1 Thomas goes to church on Sunday morning because he believes God has commanded him to do it. According to divine command theory, going to church on Sunday is thus __________. • impermissible • supererogatory • obligatory • neutral CONCEPT Commitments of Divine Command Theory 2 It is widely accepted that people should work hard to take care of their children. How might an egoist complete this statement? Working hard to take care of one's children is right because __________. • the greater society places a high value on nurturing children • most people believe it is the right thing to do • everyone has a responsibility to raise future generations • it gives one a sense of pleasure and satisfaction CONCEPT Applying Egoism 3 Which of the following people would most likely be satisfied with conventionalism? • Nicole is looking for an ethical framework that provides clear motivations for being good. • Nellie is looking for an ethical framework that assigns intrinsic value to every person. • Neville is looking for an ethical framework that says there's more to being good than doing good actions. • Norm is looking for an ethical framework that respects unfamiliar systems of ethics. CONCEPT Support for Conventionalism 4 Choose the statement that correctly identifies whether egoism is relativist or objectivist and why. • Egoism is objectivist because everyone inherently acts in their own self-interest. • Egoism is objectivist because it uses self-interest as a criterion for what is right and wrong. • Egoism is relativist because what is good is relative to an individual's self-interest. • Egoism is relativist because what is good is relative to the norms of society. CONCEPT Egoism 5 Which of the following statements about divine command theory is true? • Divine command theory is relativist because what is good is relative to which sacred text is accepted. • Divine command theory is not necessarily part of religious practice. • Divine command theory states that moral truth is communicated but not invented by God. • Divine command theory is also called theological pluralism. CONCEPT Divine Command Theory 6 Which of the following scenarios would be impermissible for an egoist? • Noell has chicken for dinner because she had steak last night. • Nathan volunteers at a youth center because he enjoys making a difference. • Nadine begrudgingly helps a coworker she doesn't like with a project. • Norbert steals money from his parents' rainy day fund, knowing he'll never get caught. CONCEPT Commitments of Egoism 7 Which of the following statements supports egoism? • "Nothing in life is free." • "Greed is good." • "Take one for the team." • "Right is right, even if everyone is wrong." CONCEPT Support for Egoism 8 Sarah makes her famous chicken casserole for her new neighbors who have just moved to America from Asia. When her daughter Lily comes home and sees the casserole almost ready, she remarks, “Mom, didn’t you know? Where our new neighbors come from, they don't eat meat. You shouldn’t have made this!” Sarah replies, “I disagree! They live in America now and need to understand our customs!” According to conventionalism, which of the two - Sarah or Lily - has a better ethical stance? • Lily, because what is right is determined by what is appropriate for the individual. • Sarah, because ethical values are determined by the local culture, not your old one. • Lily, because killing animals unnecessarily is wrong. • Sarah, because she’s confident everyone loves her chicken casserole. CONCEPT Applying Conventionalism 9 Gerard likes to lie in his garden and pretend he's a cabbage. His neighbors think it's kind of weird, but they agree that it's none of their business. What would a conventionalist call Gerard's action? • Obligatory • Impermissible • Neutral • Supererogatory CONCEPT Commitments of Conventionalism 10 Which of the following examples contains a disagreement between popular thought and divine command theory? • God forbids murder, which is illegal almost everywhere. • God forbids tattoos, but many people think they're kind of cool. • God commands people to honor their parents, but mine are bad role models. • God says, "Woe to those who are rich," so some religious people take vows of poverty. CONCEPT Applying Divine Command Theory 11 Which of the following represents a challenge to divine command theory? • There is generally not a firm basis for morality, which is relative. • There is no good reason to follow God's commands. • It doesn't offer a firm basis for knowing which sacred texts are authentic and which are not. • It obscures humanity's place in the world and relationship with the whole of creation. CONCEPT Refutations of Divine Command Theory 12 Which of the following observations poses a challenge to the cultural differences argument? • It's possible that some cultures are just wrong about morality. • It's possible that there is no objective moral truth. • It's possible that every culture is an island unto itself. • It's possible that every culture's morality is true for its own members, but false for others. CONCEPT Problems with Conventionalism 13 Which of the following statements represents a conventionalist worldview? • "Do unto others as you'd have them do unto you." • "Be the change you'd like to see in the world." • "When in Rome, do as the Romans do." • "The ends justify the means." CONCEPT Conventionalism 14 Which of the following is an advantage of divine command theory? • Divine command theory is about bringing the best consequences. • Divine command theory allows for some flexibility in what is right or wrong. • Divine command theory provides objective moral truths. • Divine command theory gives commands for all possible actions. CONCEPT Support for Divine Command Theory 15 Which of the following represents a difficulty with egoism? • Egoism does not do enough to help the agent. • Teamwork often produces better results for everyone involved. • All people are egoists at heart; it's part of being human. • Society does well when its individuals do well for themselves. CONCEPT Problems with Egoism You passed this Milestone 13 questions were answered correctly. 2 questions were answered incorrectly. 1 Why is egoism unique among ethical theories? • It is the only theory to acknowledge conflicting interests as harmful to a system of ethics. • It is the only theory to maintain that there are no universal truths regarding what is good. • It is the only theory to explain the way things ought to be in regards to what is right and wrong. • It is the only theory to equate what is good to what is performed in the name of selfinterest. CONCEPT Egoism 2 Which of the following statements would you expect to hear from a conventionalist? • "Conventionalism is a loose term that applies to many individual theories." • "Conventionalism is rooted in the idea that all cultures strive toward the same good." • "Conventionalists profess belief in objective morality." • "Conventionalism provides a framework for comparing diverse cultures." CONCEPT Conventionalism 3 Quentin's faith teaches that God commands everyone to give at least ten percent of their income to the poor. Quentin usually gives fifteen percent. According to divine command theory, Quentin's action is __________. • neutral • supererogatory • obligatory