BIO 151 Completed Labs
Lab 1
● Lab Safety
○ Keep the area safe
○ Loose or stray items away from the lab
○ Keep the pathways clear
○ Keeping specimen and equipment safely secured on the table
○ Do not use any equipment not authorized to use
○ Do not remove any equipment or lab specimens from the lab
■ These specimen need a well ventilated area to be studied in
○ All chemicals need to be disposed of properly
○ No food and drink in the lab
○ Always know where the safety equipment is
■ Eye wash station
■ Sharps container
○ Protecting ourselves from hazards
■ Tie hair back
■ Protective eye goggles
■ Latex gloves
● Reviewing Anatomical Terms
○ Anatomical Position - looking at the body standing erect, feet flat on the floor,
arms at our sides, palms, eyes and face all facing forward
■ Thoroughly and efficiently describe areas of the body
○ Sagittal plane - divides the body in left and right halves
■ Midsagital plane - dividing the body into equal left and right halves
■ Parasagital plane - dividing the body into left and right halves by unequal
○ Frontal plane - (coronal plane) divides the body into front and back halves
■ Anterior and posterior halves
○ Transverse plane - divides the body into upper and lower body parts
■ Traveling through the mid section dividing into upper and lower half
○ Anterior - something towards the front or the belly of an individual or animal
■ Ventral - towards the front
■ Example: sternum is anterior to the heart
○ Posterior - something towards the back or towards the spinal cord
■ Dorsal - towards the back
■ Example : spinal cord is dorsal to the heart
○ Superior - anything above or towards the head
○ Inferior - something towards the feet
○ Medial - closer to the midline
○ Lateral - further away from the midline
○ Proximal - closer to a point of attachment
○ Distal - something further away from the point of attachment
○ Superficial - closer to the body surface
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○ Deep - further from the body surface
○ Prone - lying on their belly face down
○ Supine - lying on their back with their face up
● Surface Anatomy - studying a body clinically or in a lab setting ; we observe the surface
first
● Body is divided into regions to study it more specifically
○ Axial region
■ Head, neck, trunk
■ Waist up is axial
■ Trunk
● Thoracic - any region above the diaphragm (base of the rib cage)
● Abdominal region - anything below level of diaphragm
○ Abdominal 4 quadrants
○ Upper R and Lower L
○ Lower R and Lower L
○ Appendicular Region
■ Upper limbs, lower limbs, girdles that attach to them
■ Upper limbs
● Elbow up is called the brachium
● Elbow to wrist is antebrachium
● Area of the wrist is the carpus
● Hand is referred to as manus
● Fingers are digits
■ Lower limbs
● Thigh to the knee is the thigh
● Knee to the ankle is the crus
● Ankle region is the tarsus
● Foot is the pez
● Toes are digits
● Internally the body is divided into cavities to define location and specification
○ 2 major cavities
■ Dorsal
● 2 major subdivisions
○ Cranial - brain
○ Vertebral - spinal cavity
● Lined by 3 layers of delicate tissues called meninges
● Helped to protect and line the brain as well as the spinal cord
■ Ventral
● 2 major subdivisions divided by the diaphragm
○ Superior (Thoracic cavity)
■ Left portion - pleural cavity surrounding the lungs
● Lines by 2 membrane called pleura
● Outer layer is parietal pleura
○ Lines the thoracic cavity itself
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● Inner layer is visceral pleura
○ Cover the surface of the lungs
themselves
● In Between the inner and outer pleura, there
is a potential space called pleural cavity
○ Filled with pleural fluid
○ Any kind of inflammation that occurs
in here results in pain
○ Pleurisy - inflammation of the pleural
linings
■ Right portion
■ Medius stima
● Median portion of the thoracic cavity
● Heart and all of its vessels
● Esophagus
● Trachea
● Thymus gland
● Pericardial cavity -small area surrounding
the heart containing pericardium
○ Outer layer called parietal
pericardium
○ Inner layer called visceral
pericardium covering the surface of
the heart
○ Pericardial cavity carrying fluid
○ Pericarditis - inflammation of the
heart lining
○ Inferior (abdominopelvic cavity)
■ Abdominal cavity
● Anything above the brim of the pelvis (area
of our hips
● Most of the digestive organs, kidneys,
ureters
● Peritoneum - 2 layered very moist
membrane that will line the cavity or cover
the organs
○ Parietal - lines the abdominal pelvic
cavity
○ Visceral - cover the surface of the
internal organs
○ Peritoneal cavity - space between
and filled with fluid
■ Peritonitis - inflammation of
this area
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○ We describe most organs as being
covered with this peritoneum
○ Some are referred to as
retroperitoneum
■ Only the anterior portion of
these organs are covered
with peritoneum
■ They sit between the
peritoneum and the dorsal
body cavity
■ Examples: kidneys , part of
pancreas, some digestive
organs, adrenal glands
● Introduction to the Microscope
■ Pelvic cavity
● Anything Below or inferior to the brim of the
pelvis
● Finding the distal proton of the intestine
● Bladder and urethra
● Reproductive organs
○ Light microscope: most commonly used in comparison to an electron microscope
○ Electron microscope are much more details
● Light Microscope Parts:
○ Arm - back base of the microscope
○ Horizontal base - the microscope rests on this
■ Always place one hand on the base and one hand on the arm
● Lamp source - located along the base which allows us to illuminate the specimen
● Lever under the diaphragm adjusts the amount of light
● Red knob on the side - allows us to dim the light source to see it in a better view
● Stage - the part of the microscope that holds the specimen
○ Holds it in place
● Mechanical stage control - allows us to move the slide around
○ Knob located under the stage
● Nose piece - rotating structure that contains the objectives
○ The objectives are the magnification pieces that allow the sample to be visualized
○ We have 3 different objectives on a light micro
■ Shortest (4x) - scanning object (less magnified view) more board view
■ Medium (ocular) (10x) - further magnify it to visualize better
■ Tallest (40x) - using to really study an object close up and in detail
● Large knob on the side of the arm - contains a course focus to help us locate the object
○ Once it is in focus with course objective, use the outer most knob which is the
fine objective to give us more clarity and detail
● Eye pieces (ocular pieces)
○ Magnification in them as well (15x)
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