BIO 151 Complete Lab Exams (1-8) BIO 151 Complete Lab Exams (1-8)|BIO 151 Complete Lab Exams (1-8)

BIO 151 Completed Labs

Lab 1

● Lab Safety

○ Keep the area safe

○ Loose or stray items away from the lab

○ Keep the pathways clear

○ Keeping specimen and equipment safely secured on the table

○ Do not use any equipment not authorized to use

○ Do not remove any equipment or lab specimens from the lab

■ These specimen need a well ventilated area to be studied in

○ All chemicals need to be disposed of properly

○ No food and drink in the lab

○ Always know where the safety equipment is

■ Eye wash station

■ Sharps container

○ Protecting ourselves from hazards

■ Tie hair back

■ Protective eye goggles

■ Latex gloves

● Reviewing Anatomical Terms

○ Anatomical Position - looking at the body standing erect, feet flat on the floor,

arms at our sides, palms, eyes and face all facing forward

■ Thoroughly and efficiently describe areas of the body

○ Sagittal plane - divides the body in left and right halves

■ Midsagital plane - dividing the body into equal left and right halves

■ Parasagital plane - dividing the body into left and right halves by unequal

○ Frontal plane - (coronal plane) divides the body into front and back halves

■ Anterior and posterior halves

○ Transverse plane - divides the body into upper and lower body parts

■ Traveling through the mid section dividing into upper and lower half

○ Anterior - something towards the front or the belly of an individual or animal

■ Ventral - towards the front

■ Example: sternum is anterior to the heart

○ Posterior - something towards the back or towards the spinal cord

■ Dorsal - towards the back

■ Example : spinal cord is dorsal to the heart

○ Superior - anything above or towards the head

○ Inferior - something towards the feet

○ Medial - closer to the midline

○ Lateral - further away from the midline

○ Proximal - closer to a point of attachment

○ Distal - something further away from the point of attachment

○ Superficial - closer to the body surface

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○ Deep - further from the body surface

○ Prone - lying on their belly face down

○ Supine - lying on their back with their face up

● Surface Anatomy - studying a body clinically or in a lab setting ; we observe the surface

first

● Body is divided into regions to study it more specifically

○ Axial region

■ Head, neck, trunk

■ Waist up is axial

■ Trunk

● Thoracic - any region above the diaphragm (base of the rib cage)

● Abdominal region - anything below level of diaphragm

○ Abdominal 4 quadrants

○ Upper R and Lower L

○ Lower R and Lower L

○ Appendicular Region

■ Upper limbs, lower limbs, girdles that attach to them

■ Upper limbs

● Elbow up is called the brachium

● Elbow to wrist is antebrachium

● Area of the wrist is the carpus

● Hand is referred to as manus

● Fingers are digits

■ Lower limbs

● Thigh to the knee is the thigh

● Knee to the ankle is the crus

● Ankle region is the tarsus

● Foot is the pez

● Toes are digits

● Internally the body is divided into cavities to define location and specification

○ 2 major cavities

■ Dorsal

● 2 major subdivisions

○ Cranial - brain

○ Vertebral - spinal cavity

● Lined by 3 layers of delicate tissues called meninges

● Helped to protect and line the brain as well as the spinal cord

■ Ventral

● 2 major subdivisions divided by the diaphragm

○ Superior (Thoracic cavity)

■ Left portion - pleural cavity surrounding the lungs

● Lines by 2 membrane called pleura

● Outer layer is parietal pleura

○ Lines the thoracic cavity itself

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● Inner layer is visceral pleura

○ Cover the surface of the lungs

themselves

● In Between the inner and outer pleura, there

is a potential space called pleural cavity

○ Filled with pleural fluid

○ Any kind of inflammation that occurs

in here results in pain

○ Pleurisy - inflammation of the pleural

linings

■ Right portion

■ Medius stima

● Median portion of the thoracic cavity

● Heart and all of its vessels

● Esophagus

● Trachea

● Thymus gland

● Pericardial cavity -small area surrounding

the heart containing pericardium

○ Outer layer called parietal

pericardium

○ Inner layer called visceral

pericardium covering the surface of

the heart

○ Pericardial cavity carrying fluid

○ Pericarditis - inflammation of the

heart lining

○ Inferior (abdominopelvic cavity)

■ Abdominal cavity

● Anything above the brim of the pelvis (area

of our hips

● Most of the digestive organs, kidneys,

ureters

● Peritoneum - 2 layered very moist

membrane that will line the cavity or cover

the organs

○ Parietal - lines the abdominal pelvic

cavity

○ Visceral - cover the surface of the

internal organs

○ Peritoneal cavity - space between

and filled with fluid

■ Peritonitis - inflammation of

this area

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○ We describe most organs as being

covered with this peritoneum

○ Some are referred to as

retroperitoneum

■ Only the anterior portion of

these organs are covered

with peritoneum

■ They sit between the

peritoneum and the dorsal

body cavity

■ Examples: kidneys , part of

pancreas, some digestive

organs, adrenal glands

● Introduction to the Microscope

■ Pelvic cavity

● Anything Below or inferior to the brim of the

pelvis

● Finding the distal proton of the intestine

● Bladder and urethra

● Reproductive organs

○ Light microscope: most commonly used in comparison to an electron microscope

○ Electron microscope are much more details

● Light Microscope Parts:

○ Arm - back base of the microscope

○ Horizontal base - the microscope rests on this

■ Always place one hand on the base and one hand on the arm

● Lamp source - located along the base which allows us to illuminate the specimen

● Lever under the diaphragm adjusts the amount of light

● Red knob on the side - allows us to dim the light source to see it in a better view

● Stage - the part of the microscope that holds the specimen

○ Holds it in place

● Mechanical stage control - allows us to move the slide around

○ Knob located under the stage

● Nose piece - rotating structure that contains the objectives

○ The objectives are the magnification pieces that allow the sample to be visualized

○ We have 3 different objectives on a light micro

■ Shortest (4x) - scanning object (less magnified view) more board view

■ Medium (ocular) (10x) - further magnify it to visualize better

■ Tallest (40x) - using to really study an object close up and in detail

● Large knob on the side of the arm - contains a course focus to help us locate the object

○ Once it is in focus with course objective, use the outer most knob which is the

fine objective to give us more clarity and detail

● Eye pieces (ocular pieces)

○ Magnification in them as well (15x)

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