Exam 2 1. Chronic bronchitis - Inflammation of the airways which decreases the lumen or size of the airway and excessive mucus 2. chronic bronchitis priority nursing diagnosis - Ineffective airway clearance 3. Chronic bronchitis treatment - Bronchodilators - Expectorants - Steroids - antibiotics 4. COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) nursing priority - Gas exchange 5. COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) - Effects alveoli 6. COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) manifestations - Shortness of breath, use of accessory muscles/tripod position, decreased O2 sats, respiratory acidosis/retention of CO2, clubbing of the nail beds, flushed/reddened face, cardiac failure, productive cough that is most severe in the morning, crackles and wheezes, dependent edema secondary to right sided heart failure, hyperresonance on percussion due to trapped air (emphysema), barrel chest 7. COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) oxygen therapy - Maintain sats on the lower side; too much oxygen can decrease the respiratory drive 8. COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) treatment - Steroids, inhalers-bronchodilators, antibiotics, fluids, CPAP/BiPAP 9. COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) nursing education - Coughing and deep breathing before eating, small frequent meals, nutritional supplements, flu vaccine/prevent respiratory infections, conserve energy 10.COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) lab tests - Increased hematocrit level is due to low oxygenation levels (>52% for men, >48% for women) - Sputum cultures and white blood cell counts to diagnose acute respiratory infections - Arterial blood gases: hypoxemia-decreases PaO2 <80; hypercarbiaincreased PaCO2 >45 - Serum electrolytes 11.Diaphragmatic (abdominal) breathing instructions - Take deep breaths from the diaphragm, why am back with knees bent, wrist a hand over the abdomen to create resistance, the hand should rise and lower upon inhalation and exhalation, 12.Pulmonary hypertension - Often idiopathic, progressive, constriction and resistance of pulmonary vessels, causes for pulmonale 13.Cor pulmonale - Right sided heart failure 14.Pulmonary hypertension treatment - Medications that dilate the pulmonary vessels and prevention of clot formation: viagra, revatio, diuretics for heart failure, digoxin for contractility 15.Cystic fibrosis - Genetic Problems with sodium and chloride transport; lose water and salt which causes dehydration and excessively thick mucus Diabetes can develop secondary to fibrosis Susceptible to chronic infections due to increased mucus and inability to expectorate it 16.Cystic fibrosis manifestations - Frequent infections - GI symptoms: distended abdomen, acid reflux, steatorrhea which leads to deficiency in fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K), malnourished 17.Cystic Fibrosis Treatment - mucolytics, airway clearance, chest physiotherapy, bronchodilators, nebulizers, oxygen, antibiotics, BiPAP, prevention of complications 18.Lung cancer risk factors - Tobacco - secondhand smoke - inhalants - genetics 19.Cystic fibrosis diagnosis - Sweat chloride test 20.Lung cancer manifestations