NR 507 Final Exam Study Guide

Genitourinary:

BPH:

Becomes problematic when prostatic tissue compresses urethra=increased frequency of lower

UTIs

● Does not always cause bladder outflow obstruction

● Urge to urinate often, delay in starting urination, decreased forced of the urinary stream

● Bladder unable to empty all of urine

● Increasing volume=long term urine retention

● Overflow incontinence with increase in intraabdominal pressure

● Common complications: hematuria, bladder/kidney infections, bladder calculi, acute

urinary retention (hydroureter), hydronephrosis, and renal insufficiency

● Some have signs of uremia and renal failure

40-70% of men with BPH related LUTI symptoms have chronic inflammation

Prostate Cancer:

Total fat intake, animal & saturated fat, red meat, and dairy products associated with increased

risk

● Dietary fat may increase androgens, oxidative stress, and reactive oxygen species

Obesity linked to advanced and aggressive prostate cancer

High BMI associated with higher aggression and worse outcomes

High calorie and carb intake may increase risk

Monosaturated fats may DECREASE risk

● Vitamin D & E and selenium aid in prevention

● Soy has anticancer properties

● Tomato/products reduce risk

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● Broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, Chinese cabbage, and turnips may be

protective

● Green tea associated with decreased incidence

● Curcumin has anticarcinogenic potential

High linoleic acid (corn oil) act as proinflammatory eicosanoid (promotes cell proliferation and

angiogenesis)

● Western diet has increased omega 6 & 3 ratios (proinflammatory)

Cooking meat at high temps produces heterocyclic amines and aromatic hydrocarbons

(carcinogenic)

No support for strong role of fruits/vegetables in slowing progression

Carcinogenic nitrosamines formed after consumption of processed meat that contains nitrites

Shock:

Blood Glucose:

Compensatory mechanisms activated by shock contribute to decreased glucose uptake & use

Cells shift to glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and lipolysis to generate fuel for survival

Total body stores can only fuel metabolism for 10 hours

High serum levels of cortisol, growth hormone, and catecholamines account for hyperglycemia

and insulin resistance, tachycardia, increased SVR and increased cardiac contractility

Hypovolemic Shock:

Causes – loss of whole blood, plasma, or interstitial fluid in large amounts

● Hemorrhage

● Burns

● Diaphoresis, DM, DI, emesis, diuresis

Loss of whole blood/plasma – direct cause

Loss of interstitial fluid – indirect (relative) cause

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