MIDTERM EXAM

 Question 1

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Gas exchange occurs in which of the respiratory system's structures?

Selected

Answer: Trache

a

Correct

Answer: Alveoli

Response

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:

The alveoli allow air to come in indirect contact with the

bloodstream through the pulmonary capillary system.

This alveolar membrane, which is one cell thick, allows

carbon dioxide to diffuse into the alveoli from the

bloodstream and oxygen to diffuse to the bloodstream

from the alveoli. Sinuses are hollow spaces found in the

skull. The trachea is a structure that allows passage of

gases to and from the gas exchange units (alveoli).

Bronchi are branches of the conducting airways that

allow passage of gases to and from the gas exchange

units (alveoli).

 Question 2

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A patient with heart failure reports awakening intermittently with

shortness of breath. Which terms appropriately describes this clinical

manifestation?

Selected

Answer: Dyspnea

Correct

Answer: Paroxysmal

nocturnal

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Response

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:

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea refers to intermittent

attacks of severe dyspnea that occur during the night.

Dyspnea is a general term referring to difficulty

breathing. Cyanosis is the appearance of a blue or purple

coloration of the skin or mucous membranes due to the

tissues near the skin surface being low on oxygen.

Bradypnea describes abnormal slowness of breathing.

 Question 3

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What factor causes a congenital heart disease to produce cyanosis?

Selected

Answer: Left-to-right shunting of

blood

Correct

Answer: Right-to-left shunting of

blood

Response

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:

Disorders that result in right-to-left shunting cause

cyanosis. A left-to-right shunt occurs when oxygenated

blood from the left side of the heart or aorta flows back

into the right side to be recirculated through the lungs.

The blood reaching the systemic circulation is

oxygenated and the infant is not cyanotic (acyanotic

defect). However, the right side of the heart has an

increased workload because of the extra shunt blood. In

time, the overload of the right side of the heart can result

in right ventricular hypertrophy and high right-sided

heart pressures. Large ventricular septal defects may be

apparent at birth because of rapidly developing rightsided heart failure and a loud systolic murmur. The

majority of atrial septal defects occur at the location of

the foramen ovale. The abnormal septal opening may be

of variable size. Small defects (1 cm) are well tolerated.

Even larger atrial septal defects may be asymptomatic

for many years as long as the shunt flow is left to right

and therefore acyanotic.

 Question 4

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A patient education intervention that will help decrease the

emergence of resistant infections is to instruct the patient to

Selected

Answer: Take all the antibiotics ordered even if feeling well after

a few days to prevent antibiotic defiant bacteria

Correct

Answer: Take all the antibiotics ordered even if feeling well after

a few days to prevent antibiotic defiant bacteria

Response

Feedback

:

The patient should take all the antibiotics ordered, even if

feeling better, to eradicate the moderately resistant

microorganisms. Viruses are not impacted by

antibacterial medications. Sharing antibiotics indicates

that the full course of the medication isn’t being taken,

and so contributing to the development of resistant

microorganisms. If medication is stopped prematurely,

moderately resistant organisms are selected for and

become the predominant species, making it more difficult

to eradicate next time.

 Question 5

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Cellular hypoxia results in

Selected

Answer: Failure of the sodium-potassium

pump

Correct

Answer: Failure of the sodium-potassium

pump

Response

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Hypoxia is a loss of oxygen to the cell that causes ATP

activity to cease. ATP provides the power required to

drive the sodium-potassium pump. pH decreases in

hypoxia (respiratory acidosis). Hypoxia is a loss of

oxygen to the cell that causes ATP activity to cease.

Deposits of calcium salts occur in conditions of altered

calcium intake, excretion, or metabolism.

 Question 6

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What is the underlying problem common among all types of shock?

Selected

Answer: Generalized vasodilation

Correct

Answer: Inadequate cellular

oxygenation

Response

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:

Although each type of shock has specific characteristics,

all are associated with a deficiency of cellular oxygen

consumption. Inadequate cellular oxygenation may result

from decreased cardiac output, maldistribution of blood

flow, or reduced blood oxygen content. The impaired

oxygen utilization by cells may lead to cell death, organ

dysfunction, and stimulation of inflammatory reactions.

Cardiac failure can be an outcome, but is not a common

cause in all types of shock. Vasodilation occurs in only

selective forms of shock. Faulty compensatory

mechanisms may contribute to the seriousness of all

shocks but that is not the cause of all forms of shock.

 Question 7

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What is the name for the mRNA sequences that contain only the

wanted segments?

Selected

Answer: PremRNA

Correct

Answer: Exon

Response

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:

An exon is the mRNA sequence that contains only the

wanted segments. Introns are the unwanted areas that

are removed in the nucleus by a complex splicing

process, thus leaving exons. Pre-mRNA is the original

RNA transcript before removal of bases that are

unnecessary. Spliceosomes are the areas of the nucleus

that are a specialized RNA protein complex that removes

introns.

 Question 8

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