Test Bank Pathophysiology The Biologic Basis

for Disease in Adults and Children

TEST BANK

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

THE BIOLOGIC BASIS FOR DISEASE IN ADULTS AND CHILDREN

8th Edition

Kathryn L. McCance, Sue E. Huether

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Contents

Chapter 01: Cellular Biology..................................................................................................................... 4

Chapter 02: Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology: Environmental Agents................................................. 18

Chapter 03: The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases .................................... 31

Chapter 04: Genes and Genetic Diseases............................................................................................... 44

Chapter 05: Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases........................................................ 55

Chapter 06: Epigenetics and Disease...................................................................................................... 63

Chapter 07: Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing........................................................... 68

Chapter 08: Adaptive Immunity............................................................................................................. 83

Chapter 09: Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation ......................................................................... 95

Chapter 10: Infection........................................................................................................................... 108

Chapter 11: Stress and Disease............................................................................................................ 117

Chapter 12: Cancer Biology.................................................................................................................. 124

Chapter 13: Cancer Epidemiology ........................................................................................................ 137

Chapter 14: Cancer in Children ............................................................................................................ 143

Chapter 15: Structure and Function of the Neurologic System ............................................................. 148

Chapter 16: Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function............................................. 159

Chapter 17: Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function .............. 174

Chapter 18: Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction

.................................................................................................................................................................. 188

Chapter 19: Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders........................... 199

Chapter 20: Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children.................................................................. 206

Chapter 21: Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation ............................................................................... 213

Chapter 22: Alterations of Hormonal Regulation.................................................................................. 222

Chapter 23: Obesity and Disorders of Nutrition ................................................................................... 234

Chapter 24: Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems........................................................ 239

Chapter 25: Alterations of the Female Reproductive System................................................................ 249

Chapter 26: Alterations of the Male Reproductive System................................................................... 259

Chapter 27: Sexually Transmitted Infections........................................................................................ 265

Chapter 28: Structure and Function of the Hematologic System .......................................................... 273

Chapter 29: Alterations of Erythrocytes, Platelets, and Hemostatic Function ....................................... 283

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Chapter 30: Alterations of Leukocyte and Lymphoid Function.............................................................. 293

Chapter 31: Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children ............................................................... 300

Chapter 32: Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems .............................. 311

Chapter 33: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function ............................................................................. 324

Chapter 34: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children............................................................ 338

Chapter 35: Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System ............................................................. 346

Chapter 36: Alterations of Pulmonary Function.................................................................................... 356

Chapter 37: Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children.................................................................. 373

Chapter 38: Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems ............................................... 381

Chapter 39: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function................................................................ 391

Chapter 40: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children .............................................. 401

Chapter 41: Structure and Function of the Digestive System................................................................ 409

Chapter 42: Alterations of Digestive Function ...................................................................................... 421

Chapter 43: Alterations of Digestive Function in Children .................................................................... 432

Chapter 44: Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System..................................................... 441

Chapter 45: Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function ........................................................................... 453

Chapter 46: Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children.......................................................... 466

Chapter 47: Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument ...................................................... 475

Chapter 48: Alterations of the Integument in Children......................................................................... 486

Chapter 49: Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burnsin Adults .................................. 494

Chapter 50: Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burnsin Children ............................... 502

Test Bank - Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children (8th) 4

Chapter 01: Cellular Biology

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic absorption?

a. Cells can produce proteins.

b. Cells can secrete digestive enzymes.

c. Cells can take in and use nutrients.

d. Cells can synthesize fats.

ANS: C

In metabolic absorption, all cells take in and use nutrients and other substances from their

surroundings. The remaining options are not inclusive in their descriptions of cellular metabolic

absorption.

PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering

2. Where is most of a cell’s genetic information, including RNA and DNA, contained?

a. Mitochondria

b. Ribosome

c. Nucleolus

d. Lysosome

ANS: C

The nucleus contains the nucleolus, a small dense structure composed largely of RNA, most of

the cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding proteins, such as the histones, which regulate its

activity. The mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration and energy production.

Ribosomes’ chief function is to provide sites for cellular protein synthesis. Lysosomes function

as the intracellular digestive system.

PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering

3. Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by using oxygen to

remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction?

a. Lysosomes

b. Peroxisomes

c. Ribosomes

d. Endosome

ANS: B

Test Bank - Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children (8th) 5

Peroxisomes are so named because they usually contain enzymes that use oxygen to remove

hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction that produces H2O2, which is a

powerful oxidant and potentially destructive if it accumulates or escapes from peroxisomes.

Ribosomes are RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the nucleolus

and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore

complexes. Lysosomes are saclike structures that originate from the Golgi complex and contain

more than 40 digestive enzymes called hydrolases, which catalyze bonds in proteins, lipids,

nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. An endosome is a vesical that has been pinched off from the

cellular membrane.

PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering

4. Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during cell injury?

a. Ribosome

b. Golgi complex

c. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

d. Lysosomes

ANS: D

The lysosomal membrane acts as a protective shield between the powerful digestive enzymes

within the lysosome and the cytoplasm, preventing their leakage into the cytoplasmic matrix.

Disruption of the membrane by various treatments or cellular injury leads to a release of the

lysosomal enzymes, which can then react with their specific substrates, causing cellular selfdigestion. The chief function of a ribosome is to provide sites for cellular protein synthesis. The

Golgi complex is a network of flattened, smooth vesicles and membranes often located near the

cell nucleus. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in steroid hormone production and

removing toxic substances from the cell.

PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering

5. Which cAMP-mediated response is related to antidiuretic hormone?

a. Increased heart rate and force of contraction

b. Secretion of cortisol

c. Increased retention of water

d. Breakdown of fat

ANS: C

Antidiuretic hormone leads to increased retention of water in the body. Epinephrine causes

increases in heart rate and force of contraction. Increased cortisol secretion is due to ACTH.

Breakdown of fat is due to glucagon.

PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering

6. During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized?

a. G1

b. S

c. G2

d. M

Test Bank - Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children (8th) 6

ANS: B

The four designated phases of the cell cycle are: (1) the G1 phase (G = gap), which is the period

between the M phase (M = mitosis) and the start of DNA synthesis; (2) the S phase (S =

synthesis), during which DNA is synthesized in the cell nucleus; (3) the G2 phase, during which

RNA and protein synthesis occurs, the period between the completion of DNA synthesis and the

next phase (M); and (4) the M phase, which includes nuclear and cytoplasmic division.

PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering

7. What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by acting asreceptors,

transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active pumps?

a. Lipids

b. Proteases

c. Proteins

d. Carbohydrates

ANS: C

Proteins have several functions, including acting as receptors, transport channels for electrolytes,

and enzymes to drive active pumps Lipids help act as the “glue” holding cell membranes

together. Proteases cause the breakdown of protein. Carbohydrates are involved in cellular

protection and lubrication and help produce energy via oxidative phosphorylation.

PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering

8. Understanding the various steps of proteolytic cascades may be useful in designing drug therapy

for which human diseases?

a. Cardiac and vascular disorders

b. Autoimmune and malignant disorders

c. Gastrointestinal and renal disorders

d. Endocrine and gastrointestinal disorders

ANS: B

Understanding the various steps involved in this process is crucial for designing drug

interventions. Dysregulation of proteases features prominently in many human diseases,

including cancer, autoimmunity, and neurodegenerative disorders. Cardiac, vascular,

gastrointestinal, renal, and endocrine disorders do not involve this process.

PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering

9. Which structure prevents water-soluble molecules from entering cells across the plasma

membrane?

a. Carbohydrate chains

b. Glycoprotein channels

c. Membrane channel proteins

d. Lipid bilayer

ANS: D