BIOS-252 Anatomy & Physiology II with Lab

Exam 1 – Biology 252

what are the six structural levels of the human body?

- chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

chemical bonds

- holds atoms together to form elements and compounds

what are the 3 main bonds?

- ionic, covalent, hydrogen

ionic bond

- the transfer of valence electrons from one atom to another

covalent bond

- the sharing of electrons between two different atoms

hydrogen bond

- attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom.

what are the four macromolecules?

- carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins

carbohydrates

- broken down to glucose to provide energy

lipids

- hydrophobic, hydrocarbon chains

what are 3 types of lipids?

- fatty acids/triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids

nucleic acids

- polymer of nucleotides that are joined together via phosphodiester bonds

nucleotides

- compound consisting of a sugar molecule, phosphate group, and nitrogen-containing

base

proteins

- polymer of amino acids held together by a peptide bond

neurons

- cells of the nervous system that consist of a cell body and nerve processes (axons and

dendrites)

red blood cells

- biconcave shape and hemoglobin expression allows for the transport of oxygen