NURS 611 EXAM 2 PATHO_ EXAM TESTED QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS (MARYVILLE UNIVERSITY)

NURS 611-PATHO EXAM 2

Exam Tested Questions and Answers 1

1. Review: the parasympathetic system is all about what?

Conserving energy / rest and

digest

The sympathetic nervous system primarily serves to protect an individual by doing whichof

the following? (select all that apply)

A. Decreasing mucous production

B. Increasing blood sugar levels

C. Increasing body temperature

D. Decreasing sweat excretion

E. Increasing blood pressure

2. Review: the sympathetic system is all about what?

Mobilizing energy stores / fight or flight

a. Name three examples of this:

i. Increase BG levels

ii. Decrease insulin stores

iii. Redirect blood to major organs

3. Which characteristic is the most critical index of nervous system dysfunction?

LOC

a. Why?

Indicates improvement or deterioration

4. Thought and goal-oriented behaviors are functions of which area of the brain?

Pre-frontal lobe

a. What four things is it responsible for?

i. concentration

ii. Short term memory

iii. Thought

iv. Limbic areas/emotional areas

5. Where is the region responsible for the motor aspects?

Brco area

i. Why is it special?

Only region that affects speech

6. Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases are associated with defects in which area of the

brain?

Basal ganglia

7. Maintenance of a constant internal environment and the implementation of behavioral

patterns are the main functions of which area of the brain?

Hypothalamus

NURS 611-PATHO EXAM 2

Exam Tested Questions and Answers 2

8. What two parts of the brain mediate the expression of affect, both emotional and

behavioral states?

a. Limbic system

b. Prefrontal cortex

9. Reflex activities concerned with heart rate, blood pressure, respirations, sneezing,

swallowing, and coughing are controlled by which area of the brain?

Medulla oblongata

a. What does it make up and where is it located?

Myelencephalon / brain stem

10. Which area of the brain assumes the responsibility for conscious and unconscious

muscle synergy and for maintaining balance and posture?

Cerebellum

11. The brain receives approximately what percentage of the cardiac output?

20%

a. How many mL per minute is that?

800-1000 mL

12. What evidence does the nurse expect to see when a patient experiences trauma to the

hypothalamus? (select all that apply)

A. Uneven expression of mood

B. Unstable blood glucose levels

C. Poor regulation of body temperature

D. Visual disturbances such as blurred vision

E. N/V and symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease

a. Where does the hypothalamus form?

Base of diencephalon

b. What four things does it control?

i. ANS

ii. Temperature

iii. Endocrine/glucose

iv. Emotional expression

13. What is the first defense of our bodies?

a. Skin

b. Mucous membranes

14. Which action is the purpose of the inflammatory process?

Prevent infection of injured tissue

15. What happens if the epithelial barrier is damaged?

Local and systemic inflammatory response mobilized

a. What does this do?

i. Limit extent of damage

ii. Protect against infection

NURS 611-PATHO EXAM 2

Exam Tested Questions and Answers 3

iii. Initiate repair of damaged tissue

16. What are the 4 major cardinal signs of infection?

a. Warmth

b. Edema

c. Redness

d. Pain

e. What is the fifth sign known

as?Loss of function

17. Which type of white blood cell is first to arrive at the site of infection?

Leukocytes

18. What causes the edema that occurs during the inflammatory process?

Increased capillary permeability

a. What does edema cause?

i. Swelling in surrounding tissue

ii. Leakage of plasma

b. What is this solely responsible for?

i. Inflammation-induced edema

19. What process causes heat and redness to occur during the inflammatory process?

Vasodilation of blood vessels

a. What does this cause, resulting in warmth and redness?

i. Increased blood flow

ii. Increased concentration of RBCs at inflammation site

20. The chemotactic factor affects the inflammatory process

by?Directing leukocytes to the inflamed area

21. Which 2 chemotactic factors are released during mast cell degranulation? What do they

do?

a. Neutrophil chemotactic factor (NCF) - attracts neutrophils

b. Eosinophil chemotactic factor (ECF-A) - attracts eosinophils

22. What four things is pain mediated by?

a. Histamines

b. Bradykinins

c. Leukotrienes

d. Prostaglandins

23. The function of opsonization related to the complement cascade is to for

destruction by and .

Tag pathogenic microorganisms / neutrophils and macrophages

24. Give an example of an efficient opsonin and what is does.

a. C3B

b. Adheres to the surface of pathogenic microorganism

NURS 611-PATHO EXAM 2

Exam Tested Questions and Answers 4

25. Define opsonins.

Molecules that tag microorganisms for destruction by cells

i. What are they primarily?

1. Neutrophils

2. Macrophages

26. During phagocytosis what is occurring during the step referred to as opsonization?

a. Recognition/adherence to bacteria

a. During phagocytosis, opsonization involves only what 2 things?

i. Recognition

ii. Adherence

27. What is the correct sequence of phagocytosis?

a. Opsonization (recognition)

b. Adherence

c. Engulfment

d. Fusion (with lysosomal granules)

e. Destruction

28. Which manifestations of inflammation is systemic?

a. Fever

b. Leukocytosis

c. What do you see increased levels of?

Circulating plasma proteins

29. The acute inflammatory response is characterized by fever that is produced by the

hypothalamus being affected by?

a. Endogenous pyrogens

i. What are they also known as?

1. Fever-causing cytokines

30. When considering white blood cell differentials, acute inflammatory reactions are

related to elevations of which leukocyte?

A. Monocytes

B. Eosinophils

C. Neutrophils

D. Basophils

a. What are they known for being? Predominant phagocytes in early inflammation

b. How quickly do they arrive after initial injury? Within 6-12 hrs after initial

injury

c. What three things do they ingest? 1. Bacteria 2. Dead Cells 3. Cellular Debris