Summary NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 1 Blueprint
NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 1 Blueprint

 Pathophysiology basics

a. Homeostasis

i. What is it? equilibrium, balance, consistency, and stability. vital signs such as

blood pressure, pulse, and temperature.

ii. Why do we have this? self-regulating, give-and-take system that responds to

minor changes in the body through compensation mechanisms. Compensation

mechanisms attempt to counteract those changes and return the body to its

normal state

b. Adaptation to stress and illness

i. Resilience: How one bounces back from sickness or illness

ii. Adaptation: How one adapts to sickness

iii. Maladaptation: Not adapting correctly

c. Cellular structures & functions

i. Ribosomes: make proteins, protein synthesis

ii. Mitochondria: cell power plant, ATP is made

iii. Lysosomes: breakdown cell products & foreign bodies

iv. Cell membrane: semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell

1. Receptors: Ion channels, protein-linked signals, Enzyme-linked cell

funtion

2. Passing ions/nutrients across membrane

v. Atrophy vs. hypertrophy: Atrophy: cell decrease in size and function.

Hypertrophy: overworked cells (heart disease), increase size

vi. Hyperplasia vs. metaplasia vs dysplasia: Hyperplasia: overgrowth of tissues,

increase workload. Metaplasia: change in cells, abnormal cells. Dysplasia:

mutated abnormal size

vii. Apoptosis: planned cell death-90 days then die

viii. Cell death d/t necrosis: Necrotic: dead tissue (coagulative, liquefactive, caseous,

fatty)

ix. Gangrene—what it is & the presentation: dead tissue caused by an infection or

lack of blood flow. Dry: coagulative Wet: liquefactive Gas: release of gas from

decomposition into tissue

2. Fluids and electrolytes

a. Fluid regulation & distribution: Fluid regulation: intracellular 2/3 of fluid volume &

extracellular 1/3of fluid volume. Water & sodium go together. Distribution: interstitial

fluid=between cells, intravascular=inside blood vessels, transcellular= third space-a

space it doesn’t belong

b. Osmosis: movement of fluid. Molecules of a solvent pass through a semipermeable

membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, equalizing

the concentrations on each side

c. Tonicity: Isotonic: equal concentrations between intracellular and extracellular

Hypotonic: lower solute concentration. Hypertonic: higher solute concentration

d. Sodium/water relationship: where sodium goes water goes

e. Alterations in electrolytes