1

CONCEPT

Simple Random and Systematic Random Sampling

2

CONCEPT

Absolute Change and Relative Change

3

CONCEPT

Prospective and Retrospective Studies

4

CONCEPT

Experimental Design

5

CONCEPT

Accuracy and Precision in Measurements

6

CONCEPT

Using Percentages in Statistics

7

CONCEPT

Stratified Random and Cluster Sampling

8

CONCEPT

Index Number and Reference Value

9

CONCEPT

Observational Studies and Experiments

10

CONCEPT

Nonresponse and Response Bias

11

CONCEPT

Margin of Error

12

CONCEPT

Surveys

13

CONCEPT

Qualitative and Quantitative Data

14

CONCEPT

Convenience & Self-Selected Samples

15

CONCEPT

Random & Probability Sampling

16

CONCEPT

Matched-Pair Design

17

CONCEPT

Blinding

18

CONCEPT

Data

19

CONCEPT

Variables

20

CONCEPT

Randomized Block Design

21

CONCEPT

Discrete vs. Continuous Data

22

CONCEPT

Completely Randomized Design

23

CONCEPT

Selection and Deliberate Bias

24

You passed this Milestone

20 questions were answered correctly.

9 questions were answered incorrectly.

Choose the statement that accurately describes how a city government could apply systematic random sampling.

RATIONALE

A systematic sample is when every nth element is chosen from the population. In this case, by choosing every 5th

household, this makes is a systematic sample.

Sam counts how many people came to the local political meeting. He counts 72 people, but forgot about the 4 people

sitting behind him.

The percent error in his calculation is __________.

RATIONALE

Recall that the percent error is equivalent to the absolute difference divided by the actual value.

If the actual number of people was 76, and the observed number of people was only 72, then the absolute error is:

So we calculate the percentage error to be:

To compare the teaching methodologies of two of its eighth-grade math teachers, a school decides to compare student

test scores from the two classes throughout the year.

Which type of statistical study is the school conducting?

RATIONALE

A study which gathers data moving forward is called a prospective study. Since the data is gathered on students

without controlling the setting moving forward, it is a prospective observational design.

Jenae noticed that many of her co-workers would opt for the coffee that appeared to be most recently brewed,

regardless of the flavor of the coffee offered. This leads her to believe that what she was witnessing was not really

representative of everyone's true flavor preferences. She adapted her experimental study accordingly.

Select one control in Jenae's experimental study.

RATIONALE

In an experiment, controls are when conditions are manipulated by the experimenter to keep conditions as consistent

as possible. In this example Jenae brews coffee at the same time, so this is a control.

A hunter is practicing his aim using a practice target. He takes 5 shots. All 5 shots hit the target, but they do not hit or

surround the bullseye. In addition, all 5 shots are very spread apart on the target.

Classify the hunter's accuracy and precision.

RATIONALE

Since the arrows fall away from the bullseye and are spread out we would classify this as low accuracy and low

precision.

An appliance store manager noted that the sales of home appliances contributed 74% of the store's profits in the year

2010 and 82% in the year 2011.

Of the following choices, which statement about home appliance sales is true?

RATIONALE

We can note that the absolute difference between 2010 and 2011 is 74% to 82% or 8 percentage points.

To get the percent difference we take the absolute difference and divide by the initial value:

So we can say sales actually grew by 10.8%.

A local school newspaper's editor wants to survey students to determine the approval rating of the current student

council president.

How would the newspaper apply the cluster sampling method to find this information?

RATIONALE

Recall that sometimes natural arrangements or clusters form which generally are geographic. In this case, each grade

level represents a cluster of students in a grade level. From each grade level or cluster, we then select a random

sample.

The following shows the Consumer Price Index (CPI) for the years 2000-2005. All of the values use a reference year of

1983.

Which of the following is true about the CPI, based on the information?

RATIONALE

Recall the CPI gives us a measure of price changes over time and allows us to transform values in one year to another.

The value of the CPI in the base year is 100. This means that for $100 in 1983 is equivalent to$172.4 in 2000.

Select the correct statement regarding experiments.

RATIONALE

The defining part of experimental setting is that the researcher can control the setting and apply some treatment to

observe how it affects an outcome of interest.

The owner of a new store on Main Street wants to turn the boulevard outside into extra parking spaces because she is

concerned about parking availability. She randomly selects 500 residents of the town to take a survey, and these

individuals have confirmed their participation. One of the survey questions reads, “Many residents believe the lack of

available parking on Main Street is a major problem, and extra spaces along the boulevard would help. Do you agree?"

The store owner's survey could suffer from which type of bias?

RATIONALE

By stating that many residents already believe parking is an issue and putting a response inside of the question, this is

a good example of response bias.

In a bolt-manufacturing factory, it is estimated that 6% of the bolts being manufactured will be defective, with a 3%

margin of error.

Choose the statement that correctly describes the confidence interval.

RATIONALE

Recall for a confidence interval, we take the point estimate +/- margin of error. Using this framework we take the point

estimate of 6%, then add and subtract the margin of error, 3%.

This gives us a CI of 3% to 9%.

An art teacher is trying to determine which class to offer next summer. She passes out a slip of paper to some of the

students in the class asking them whether or not they liked her course, and what class they would most like to see

offered in the summer.

Which type of statistical study is the art teacher conducting?

RATIONALE

Since she asks people what their preferences would be, this is an example of a survey.

A local gym conducts a survey among the people in a mall.

Which survey question would have a qualitative response?

RATIONALE

Simply stating yes or no is simply descriptive and cannot be measured numerically or used in arithmetic, so it is

qualitative.

A grocery store owner asked the first 20 children who visited the store one day about their favorite snack.

This is what type of sampling?

RATIONALE

Recall that convenience samples are samples taken due to their ease of gathering information. Since he simply asked

the first 20 children, this is an example of that. Convenience samples are generally biased as they probably don't

represent the entire set of interest.

Which of these random samples represents a representative sample of the systolic blood pressure of all patients in a

hospital?

RATIONALE

For a sample to be representative it needs to look like the entire set of interest. To look like all patients in the hospital,

they should be randomly sampled from the entire population not simply the neurology department or children.

Employees are not a part of the population of interest.

Scientists want to test a new pair of running shoes. A speed test is performed with two separate groups of participants.

The treatment group will wear the new pair of running shoes, while the control group will not. It is believed that age

and height may affect speed.

Which of the following would be most effective in controlling the confounding variables, such as age and height, in this

study?

RATIONALE

In order to control for variables that may affect the study, a matched pair design which matches as closely as possible

for those variables would best control for their effects.

A different coffee seller offered to sell coffee to Jenae's company for half the cost of their current brand. Jenae knew

her co-workers were really partial to the coffee they drank now, so she decided to conduct a study to see if they

noticed the difference in flavor. Her co-workers were convinced they would.

Jenae provided each person with a sample and said that some had the new coffee and some did not. Only Jenae knew

who had which brand of coffee.

Jenae's strategy is an example of a(n) ________.

RATIONALE

Since participants are unaware of what group they are in, regular or new coffee group, this is referred to as blinding in

an experiment.

A shoe retailer decides to record the styles and sizes of shoes that his customers choose. He records this data for an

entire year by keeping track of his customers' purchases.

Which statement accurately describes the type of data the shoe retailer is collecting?

RATIONALE

Since the retailer is gathering the data himself, this would be an example of raw data.

Ben is measuring the effect that the potential energy of an object has on the height of an object's bounce.

Which variable represents the height of an object's bounce?

RATIONALE

The outcome is the response, dependent or y -variable. This is the height or bounce in this example.

A scientist is conducting a study on the effect of eating chocolate and overall mood. They believe that gender is a

significant factor. The participants are divided by gender. Then, within each group, participants are randomly assigned

to consume either chocolate or a placebo and then rate their mood for the day. This experiment will run for two weeks.

Which type of experimental design does this situation describe?

RATIONALE

Since women are randomly assigned chocolate or placebo, this is a completely randomized design.

Which of the following data types will be continuous?

RATIONALE

The height of a toddler can take on any value, while the other measures can only be a limited number of values. So,

the height of a toddler is continuous.

To test the effectiveness of a new, cholesterol-lowering drug, a group of researchers recruits 200 volunteers with high

cholesterol to take part in a study. The researchers place the numbers 1 through 200 in a hat and have each participant

select a number. Those who picked an odd number receive the new drug, while those who picked an even number

receive a placebo.

Which experimental design are the researchers using?

RATIONALE

When all patients are assigned treatment or control randomly without considering other factors, this is called a

completely randomized design.

The traffic volumes at a major intersection in New York were surveyed every day between one and four in the

afternoon for a month to study the traffic patterns in the city.

Which of the following types of bias affects the conclusions of the survey?

RATIONALE

Selection bias is when the mode of selection introduces a bias in the sample so that it is not representative of the

population of interest. Since they only collected information from 1 to 4pm, this is a selection bias.

Every individual over the age of 18 is selected to participate in a survey

about city services.

Every resident in five neighborhoods is selected to participate in a

survey about city services.

Every fifth person in a population is selected to participate in a survey ! about city services.

Every resident is divided into groups, and 1,000 people are randomly

selected to participate in a survey about city services.

-2.8%

50%

! -5.3%

5.6%

Meta-analysis

Retrospective observational study

! Prospective observational study

" Matched-pair design study

Jenae makes sure that the coffee in different pots is brewed at the same ! time.

Jenae uses different locations in the kitchen for the coffee pots.

Jenae monitors the habits of the co-workers who do not drink coffee.

Jenae places condiments at random places throughout the kitchen.

! Low accuracy and low precision

High accuracy and low precision

" Low accuracy and high precision

High accuracy and high precision

Home appliance sales increased profits by 8%.

! Home appliance sales increased profits by 8 percentage points.

Home appliance sales increased profits by 9.75 percentage points.

Home appliance sales increased profits by 9.75%.

The newspaper staff surveys 30 students from each grade in the school.

The newspaper staff surveys random students from every grade in the

school.

The newspaper staff surveys every student in a randomly selected ! grade.

The newspaper staff surveys only the female students in the entire

school.

$100 in 2005 would be equivalent to $194.50 in 1983.

$100 in 2001 would have been worth 189.70 in 1983.

$100 in 2000 would be equivalent to $183.70 in 2003.

! $100 in 1983 would be equivalent to $172.40 in 2000.

A researcher can control the environment but cannot observe the

response.

A researcher cannot control the environment but can observe the " response.

! A researcher can control the environment and observe the response.

A researcher can neither control the environment nor observe the

response.

Selection bias

! Response bias

" There is no evidence of bias in the way this survey is carried out.

Nonresponse bias

The percentage of defective bolts is between 3% and 6%.

! The percentage of defective bolts is between 3% and 9%.

The percentage of defective bolts is 6% or less.

The percentage of defective bolts is 6% or more.

A double-blind study

A census

A single-blind study

! A survey

What is the amount of weight you can bench press, in pounds?

How much do you weigh, in pounds?

How many servings of fruits do you eat every day?

! Do you exercise daily?

" Systematic sampling

! Convenience sampling

Voluntary response sampling

Stratified sampling

! The systolic blood pressure of 50 patients in the hospital.

The systolic blood pressure of 50 children admitted in the hospital.

The systolic blood pressure of 50 employees in the hospital.

The systolic blood pressure of 50 patients in the neurology department.

! A matched-pair design experiment

A retrospective observational study

A completely randomized design experiment

A longitudinal observational study

matched-pair designed experiment

! blind experiment

randomized experiment

completely randomized experiment

The shoe retailer is gathering raw data because he is recording shoe ! sizes and styles by himself.

The shoe retailer is gathering available data because customers tell him

which shoe sizes and styles they prefer.

The shoe retailer is receiving available data on shoe sizes and styles

from nearby shoe companies.

The shoe retailer is receiving raw data on shoe sizes and styles from " nearby shoe companies.

Independent variable

Explanatory variable

Confounding variable

! Response variable

Case-Control Design

! Randomized Block Design

Completely Randomized Design

Matched-Pair Design

! Height of a toddler

Number of people in a family

Number of chairs in a house

Cost of a can of tuna fish

" Randomized Block Design

! Completely Randomized Design

Representative Sample Design

Matched-Pair Design

! Selection bias

Response bias

Deliberate bias

Non-response bias

UNIT 1 — MILESTONE 1 SCORE

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