BIO 1404 OPENSTAX CHAPTER 8-11 EXAM #3 REVIEW
CH8 - Photosynthesis
CH9 - Cell communication
CH10 - Cell reproduction
CH11 - Meiosis and sexual reproduction
CH8: PHOTOSYNTHESIS
8.1
❏ Photosynthesis is a biological process that captures sunlight and converts it to
chemical compound (carbohydrates which are stored in C-C compounds)
❏ Carbohydrates - used by organisms to power metabolism (ex. cellular respiration)
❏ Only plants, algae and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis - called
photoautotrophs
❏ Animals, fungi and other bacteria rely on sugars made from photosynthesis -
called heterotrophs
❏ Chemoautotrophs synthesizes sugar by extracting energy from inorganic
compounds, not by capturing sunlight
❏ Photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide, water and sunlight, produces glucose
and oxygen, takes place in the organelle chloroplast (throughout the cytoplasm)
❏ Photosynthesis takes place in the middle layer of the leaf called mesophyll
❏ Gas exchange of carbon dioxide and
oxygen occurs through small,
regulated openings called stomata ,
located on underside of the leaf and
surrounded by a pair of guard cells,
also helps to minimize water loss
❏ Structure of the chloroplast
❏ Chlorophyll are embedded in the
thylakoid membrane
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❏ Chlorophyll is a small pigment that absorbs colors of light except for green, the
reason why it is green it’s because it absorbs other colors of light such as blue
and red and green is reflected out
❏ Two major stages of photosynthesis:
- Light-dependent reactions: energy from sunlight is absorbed by
chlorophyll, converted it into chemical energy
- Calvin cycle (AKA
light-independent reactions,
dark cycle): assembly of the
sugar molecules
❏ Energy carriers are used over and
over again, once they obtain full
energy in light dependent
reactions, they will move and
release energy in the Calvin cycle
and go back to obtain more energy
❏ Light-dependent reactions require
sunlight, light-independent reaction
can be performed in presence of sunlight or not
❏ Differences between light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions
Light-dependent reactions Light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle)
Location: thylakoid membrane of chloroplast Location: stroma of the chloroplast
Light energy is absorbed by photosystem I
and II (chlorophyll involved)
CO2 in the atmosphere is absorbed
Cyclic and noncyclic phosphorylation occur
in the cells
C3 pathway in green plants and C4 in desert
plants
Products: ATP, NADPH End products are used to synthesize sugar
Oxygen is released as a byproduct Main product is sugar in the form of glucose
8.2
❏ Amount of energy is measured by wavelength, the distance between consecutive
points of a wave
❏ The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all possible frequencies of radiation
(plants only absorb light in the wavelength range of 700 nm - 400 nm)
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