Case Study Assessment and Reasoning Cardiac System, John Gordon, 65 years old, (Latest 2021) Correct Study Guide, Download to Score A
Anterior:
Inspection
Chest pulsations, heaves, lifts, color of skin; symmetry of movement; anatomical defects,
retractionsPalpation
Apical impulse (4th to 5th ICS, Left
MCL)Auscultation
HR & rhythm (60-100 bpm)
Identify S1 & S2 – 2nd ICS, Right sternal border (aortic); 2nd ICS, Left sternal border (pulmonic); 3rd ICS,
Leftsternal border (Erbs); 4th ICS, Left sternal border (tricuspid); 5th ICS, Left MCL (pulmonic). S1 is
louder at Apex, S2 louder at the base. This is the traditional method and a systematic method of learning.
Diaphragm and bell to be used. Do not allow the patient to hold breath. Auscultate for S3 and S4 heart
soundsand murmurs. May be done in lying and sitting position, lying on left side and on back with head
elevated 30 degrees