Student Exploration: Cladograms Vocabulary: adaptation, amino acid, amnion, artiodactyla, bipedal, clade, cladistics, cladogram, convergent evolution, evolution, flower, mammary glands, molecular, m orphological, multicellular, parsimony, sagittal crest, phloem, selenodont teeth, SNP, xylem Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.) 1. Look at the images below. Which two organisms do you think are most closely related? I think the deer and turtle are most closely related. Worm Deer Turtle 2. Why do you think so? Both of them are four legged animals. Gizmo Warm-up Cladistics is a method of hypothesizing the evolutionary relationships between species. A cladogram is a branching diagram that illustrates these relationships. For example, the cladogram on the right shows that deer are more closely related to turtles than to worms. In the Cladograms Gizmo, you will use morphological (physical characteristics) and molecular data to create cladograms. To begin, make sure Plants is selected for the Organism group and Morphological is selected for the Data type. Click on one of the characteristics to the left of the table on the TABLE tab. Information about the characteristic will be shown on the ORGANISM tab. Using the information on the ORGANISM tab, describe each of the characteristics below.  Xylem and phloem: Xylem and phloem are tissues in plants that transport water and solutes up the plant (xylem) and food down the plant (phloem).  Flowers: A flower is the part of a plant containing reproductive organs (stamen and carpel) surrounded by brightly colored petals.  Multicellularity: A multicellular organism is composed of more than one cell.